Stellar Nebula: Nebulae are not just massive clouds of dust. Hydrogen, He gas and plasma; they are often called “stellar nurseries”-i.e. the place where stars are born.
Protostar: A Protostar is a very young star i.e. still gathering its mass from its parent molecular clouds. When a molecular cloud first collapses under the force of self gravity then Protostar is formed.
Main sequence star: A main-sequence star's energy comes from the core's fusion of hydrogen and helium. The natural pressure and temperature inside the core stabilise fusion. A protostar's temperature and density rise as a result of its gravitational contraction, making it possible for its core to undergo nuclear fusion. After that, a star is thought to have been born; these stars are known as pre-main sequence stars.
Red giant: Stars are primarily made of hydrogen in their early stages. Hydrogen eventually turns into helium. And since all of the hydrogen is converted to helium, the fusion reaction inside the core has ceased. Additionally, gravity will result in a drop in core pressure. The star's outer surface, which still has some hydrogen and is performing fusion events, will survive the core's impending collapse. The system is out of balance as a result of this change (transition), tending to balance in its outer region while being constricted by gravity in its interior part. Red giant star is the name given to this star, which seems to be red in hue. Our sun will become a red behemoth after 5000 million years. The spreading region of the sun will grow, eventually encircling the entire planet. Red giant stars, however, live only briefly.
Planetary nebula: If the star's mass is roughly equal to that of the sun after it exits the main sequence, the core of the star begins the helium burning process. And when the temperature rises within, an explosion results. The star's interior then resembles a planet. This is the reason it is known as a planetary nebula. Or When a star runs out of fuel to burn, it blows off its outer layers, forming a planetary nebula. A nebula, which is frequently shaped like a ring or bubble, is created when these outer layers of gas spread into space.
White dwarf: When a star like the sun runs out of nuclear fuel, it transforms into a white dwarf. This kind of star expels the majority of its outer material as it nears the conclusion of its nuclear burning cycle, forming a planetary nebula. The star's scorching core is all that is left. When this core reaches a temperature of more than 100,000 Kelvin, it turns into a very hot white dwarf.
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Black Dwarf: The white dwarf reaches the end of its evolutionary process when it stops emitting and transforms into a cold, lifeless star remnant. A black dwarf is one name for such a thing.
Black hole: A star will become a black hole if its initial mass is 15 times that of the sun and its core mass is about 3 times that. either There is no force that can stop a star's ongoing gravitational collapse when its mass exceeds the limiting mass (3 M) for neutron stars and all nuclear processes in its core have ceased owing to a lack of nuclear fuel. The object collapses to a point with zero radius and infinite density as a result of this unimpeded collapse. Even light cannot escape from there due to its intense gravity. Consequently, such a structure is known as a "black hole."
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Neutron Star: A star's initial mass is no more than 12 times that of the sun. When the core's mass reaches 2-3 times that of the sun, it either becomes a neutron star or a black hole. It transforms into a neutron star, where the gravitational pull is balanced by the degeneracy pressure of neutrons, if the mass of the dying star is greater than the Chandrasekhar limit but less than another limiting number (3M).
Nova: A Nova is an explosion from the surface of a white dwarf star in a binary star system. Its luminosity is around 104 solar luminosity.
Supernova: It’s too much bright, we can assume billions of time as compare to Nova.
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Giant Star: Any star with a relatively large radius given its mass and temperature; the brightness of such stars is high because the radiating area is similarly huge. A main-sequence (or dwarf) star with the same surface temperature is not considered to be a giant star unless it has a significantly bigger radius and luminosity.
Jeans Mass: The bare minimal amount required to counteract gravitational collapse and internal pressure is known as the Jeans mass. Temperature and density affect the bulk of jeans. The cloud will disintegrate if the internal pressure is greater than the gravitational force. For a cloud cluster to continue to collapse and give birth to a star, it needs to have a minimum mass. The "Jeans mass" is the name given to this minimal mass.
Chandrasekhar limit: if mass of the white dwarf is about 1.4 times the solar mass, its radius will shrink to zero. This is called the Chandrasekhar limit.
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